The Vilon peptide was synthesized in the 1990s by scientists affiliated with the Institute of Immunology in Moscow, Russia. The advancement of Vilon was a component of a more extensive research initiative to create innovative immunomodulatory peptides. The scientists exhibited a specific interest in peptides capable of modulating the functionality of T-cells, a subset of leukocytes crucial in orchestrating the immune system’s defensive actions. Following an extensive screening process of numerous peptides, the research team identified Vilon as a promising research agent exhibiting robust immunomodulatory potential.
Since its initial discovery, Vilon has been the focus of numerous scientific investigations and research trials conducted in Russia and other countries. Studies suggest that the potential impact of this substance may involve gene interactions, cellular growth, immune system activity, blood clotting, organ functionality, and potentially even cancerous cell behavior.
Vilon is a peptide of minimal length that may exhibit biological activity, consisting of a dipeptide composed of the amino acids lysine and glutamate. As a result, the peptide has been identified and designated as Lysylglutamic acid or Lysylglutamate. Vilon is characterized by its chemical formula C11H21N3O5, as well as a molecular weight of 275.30 g/mol. The amino acid L-lysine exhibits a cationic charge, whereas L-glutamate demonstrates an anionic charge. This results in Vilon (Lysylglutamate) possessing an overall charge of neutrality.
In general, the structural complexity of Vilon is comparatively lower compared to larger peptides and proteins. However, this molecule’s distinctive composition and chemical characteristics make it a viable subject for further investigation and research advancement.
Vilon Peptide, Cell Proliferation, and Gene Expression
Research findings suggest that Vilon may potentially influence the process of gene expression, particularly programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In a laboratory experiment, it was suggested that the peptide may have exhibited a mitigating effect on the apoptotic demise of spleen lymphocytes in rats induced by irradiation [i].
A separate investigation was conducted to assess the impact of Vilon on cellular proliferation in spleen organotypic tissue cultures of rats belonging to various age groups (3 days, 3 weeks, and 2 years old). The findings suggested that Vilon might induce cellular proliferation in juvenile and senior rats.
Research experiment data suggests that the peptide may exert action through direct interaction with specific genes. Experimental findings imply that Vilon may alter the chromatin architecture of lymphocytes in geriatric models. This phenomenon may result in the expression and stimulation of genes that are typically suppressed as a consequence of age.
Vilon Peptide and Senescence
As suggested by animal studies, presenting Vilon (Lys-Glu) to female CBA mice starting from the 6th month of life has been suggested to potentially enhance physical output, endurance, and lifespan while reducing spontaneous neoplasms. Based on the study’s findings, the presentation of Vilon to the murine models did not appear to exhibit any discernible impact on the estrous function or free radical processes.
Multiple in vitro studies have speculated that the peptide may stimulate regenerative processes in cells extracted from young and aged rats [ii][iii]. The peptide was suggested to display significant efficacy, even at low concentrations. The researchers hypothesized that “the enhanced impact on the explants derived from the aged rats implies that Vilon exhibits potential as a subject for geriatric investigation and application.”
Another study purported that exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation appeared to result in expedited aging in the thymus and spleen of rodents. However, the presentation of Vilon implied some ability to impede this process to some extent and reduce age-related symptoms.
Vilon Peptide and the Immune System
Studies conducted using murine models of immunosuppression have suggested that Vilon may exhibit potential immunomodulatory properties. A study was conducted on animals to investigate the impact of Vilon presentation on rats exposed to mercury and gamma radiation, which are recognized for their immunosuppressive impact. The findings suggested that exposure resulted in a decrease in lymphocyte count and damage to DNA. However, presenting the Vilon peptide seemed to restore the lymphocyte count to normal levels and decrease the illness in rats for 15 months following the exposure.
In a separate experimental study, researchers proposed that Vilon exposure may have enhanced the expression of the lymphocyte differentiation marker CD5 in thymic cells. It was speculated to promote the differentiation of T-cell precursors into CD4+ T-helper cells. CD4+ T-helper cells, also known as CD4-positive T-helper cells, are a subset of leukocytes that exhibit a pivotal function in the immune response by initiating and orchestrating the functionality of various other immune cells. Vilon was purported to enhance the production of argyrophilic proteins in the nucleolar organizer areas of thymocytes and epithelial cells, thereby facilitating the conversion of thymocytes into actively dividing blast cells.
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References
[i] Khavinson VK, Kvetnoii IM. Peptide bioregulators inhibit apoptosis. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000;130(12):1175-1176.
[ii] Kniaz’kin IV, Iuzhakov VV, Chalisova NI, Grigor’ev EI. Funktsional’naia morfologiia organotipicheskoĭ kul’tury selezenkoi krys razlichnogo vozrasta pri deĭstvii vilona [Functional morphology of organotypic culture of spleens from rats of various ages exposed to vilon]. Adv Gerontol. 2002;9:110-115.
[iii] Bykov NM, Chalisova NI. Osobennosti deĭstviia ul’tramalykh doz vilona v organotipicheskoĭ kul’ture selezenki krys raznogo vozrasta [Characteristics of effect of ultralow doses of vilon in organotypic culture of spleens from rats of various ages]. Adv Gerontol. 2002;10:85-87.
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